HYDROGEN SULFIDE REMOVAL
WHAT IS HYDROGEN SULFIDE?
The presence of hydrogen sulfide in home drinking water supplies is not a health hazard, but is a common nuisance contaminant whose distinctive “rotten egg” odor makes water treatment desirable. Several treatment methods are available, and often hydrogen sulfide can be treated and removed using the same process and equipment used for iron and manganese removal.
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas formed by the decay of organic matter such as plant material. It is most commonly found in groundwater characterized by relatively low concentrations of dissolved oxygen and by a pH less than 6.0 (relatively acidic). In higher pH waters other forms of sulfur may be present (sulfide or bisulfide). Surface waters are typically less likely to contain hydrogen sulfide since flowing waters are aerated naturally, which promotes an oxidation reaction. The hydrogen sulfide either escapes as a gas or is precipitated as a solid.
Harmless sulfur bacteria are also found in many private water supplies and distribution systems. These bacteria feed off natural sulfur compounds in water, producing hydrogen sulfide as a result. Sulfur bacteria are not a risk to human health, but their presence in drinking water can be a source of unpleasant tastes and odors.
Sometimes hydrogen sulfide may only be present in the household hot water. This condition is caused by a biochemical reaction between sulphates in the water, sulphate-reducing bacteria, a magnesium rod in the hot water heater or organic matter in the water. If the odor problem in the water heater is caused by heat-loving sulphate-reducing bacteria, disinfect the water heater with chlorine bleach or hydrogen peroxide. Sometimes the reaction with the magnesium rod is the cause of odor problems. The purpose of the magnesium rod is to prevent corrosion of the water heater. Removing the magnesium rod will often prevent the odor problem, but will void the warranty and lead to the possible earlier deterioration of the tank. If corrosion is a concern, the magnesium rod can be replaced with a zinc or aluminum rod.
HOW TO TREAT IT?
Most methods for treating sulfur water rely on the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide gas into elemental sulfur, a solid. Oxidation is the process by which soluble or dissolved contaminants are converted to soluble byproducts or insoluble products that can be filtered. This process changes the chemical and physical properties of the reactants. Hydrogen sulfide can be oxidized by several methods. If concentrations exceed 6.0 mg/l, chemical oxidation such as chlorination is recommended. If concentrations do not exceed 6.0 mg/l and water pH is above 6.8, an oxidizing filter such as manganese greensand can be used.
Chlorination
Continuous chlorination is a widely used and effective method for oxidizing hydrogen sulfide, especially if the water pH is 6.0-8.0. Chlorine is usually administered as sodium hypochlorite, which reacts with sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and bisulfide to form compounds that do not cause foul taste or odors in drinking water.
The amount of hypochlorite to be used depends on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the water supply, however a recommended dosage is 2.0 mg/l chlorine for every 1.0 mg/l hydrogen sulfide. Chlorine should be added into the system ahead of the mixing tank, and sufficient storage must be provided to allow the water to be in contact with the chlorine for twenty minutes. Treated water may have lingering tastes or odors caused by the formation of certain harmless by-products or residual chlorine. After the required contact time, therefore, the water should be passed through an activated carbon filter to remove final suspended sulfur or excess chlorine.
Chlorination systems are available as a pellet-drop unit or a liquid-chemical feed. The pellet-drop system automatically dispenses a measured amount of chlorine down the well casing or into the retention tank during the pumping cycle. The chemical feed system features a liquid feeder connected to the well pump.
Aeration
Another common treatment for sulfur water is aeration. Hydrogen sulfide is physically removed by agitating the water via bubbling or cascading and then separating or “stripping” the hydrogen sulfide in a container. The undesired hydrogen sulfide is removed as a volatile gas by venting it into a waste pipe or to the outdoors. Aeration is most effective when hydrogen sulfide concentrations are lower than 2.0 mg/l. At higher concentrations, this method may not remove all of the offensive odor unless the air is used to oxidize hydrogen sulfide chemically into solid sulfur, which is then filtered.
In a typical aeration system, ambient air is introduced into the water using an air compressor or blower. Well-designed aeration tanks maintain a pocket of air in the upper third or upper half of the tank. If the tank does not maintain an air pocket, sulfur odor may return. Most household water supplies contain less than 10 mg/l of sulfur, in which case an aeration tank about the same size as the filter tank (10″ x 54″) works fine. When sulfur levels exceed 10 mg/l, larger aeration tanks, repressurization systems, chlorination systems, or a combination may be needed.
Aeration is not always practical for home water treatment, especially if hydrogen sulfide concentrations exceed 10 mg/l, because it requires very acidic conditions (pH 4.0-5.0), long contact times for the air and water to mix, and usually large space requirements. In addition, treated water may need to be repressurized for distribution within the house and objectionable odors must be removed by venting the gas outside.
Manganese Greensand Filter
Manganese greensand is another common treatment method for removing sulfur from drinking water. It is usually recommended for water that contains less than 6.0 mg/l hydrogen sulfide. A manganese greensand filter has a special coating that oxidizes hydrogen sulfide gas to solid sulfur particles, which are filtered. When all of the manganese oxide is consumed, the greensand is regenerated with potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is a purple oxidizing chemical that is added to the untreated water to maintain the manganese greensand filter. To work properly, the greensand must be regenerated at periodic intervals based on water usage and contaminant concentration. When greensand is used to treat high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, more frequent regeneration is required.
Catalytic Carbon
Catalytic Carbon provides another alternative to chemical treatment. Essentially, catalytic carbon is activated carbon with a modified carbon surface. Activated carbon is typically associated with adsorption, a physical process in which dissolved molecules adhere to the surface of the carbon filter. When used alone, activated carbon filtration removes very small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, generally concentrations below 0.3 mg/l. Activated carbon, however, has a limited capacity to adsorb hydrogen sulfide. Once the filter is saturated, the activated carbon must be replaced, not regenerated. As a result, activated carbon is not effective for removing moderate or high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in drinking water.
Catalytic carbon retains all of the adsorptive properties of conventional activated carbon, but it combines them with the ability to promote or catalyze chemical reactions. During the treatment process, catalytic carbon first adsorbs sulfides onto the carbon surface. Then, in the presence of dissolved oxygen, it oxidizes the sulfides and converts them to nonobjectionable compounds. In this capacity, catalytic carbon is similar to manganese greensand and chlorination systems that remove sulfides through oxidation. It differs in that it maintains consistent catalytic activity (oxidation) that can be controlled and enhanced to treat sulfur water without use of chemical additives.
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a colorless gas known for its characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is a naturally occurring compound that can be found in various environments, both natural and industrial. Despite its unpleasant smell, hydrogen sulfide can pose serious health and environmental risks if not properly managed.
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound composed of two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom. It is commonly found in volcanic gases, natural gas, and as a byproduct of certain industrial processes. H₂S is highly soluble in water and can easily form acidic solutions, making it a concern in both air and water.
Removing hydrogen sulfide is crucial for both health and environmental reasons. Its presence in water and air can lead to significant issues that necessitate effective removal techniques.
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide can cause a range of health problems, from mild irritation to severe respiratory issues. Low concentrations may result in headaches, dizziness, and nausea, while higher concentrations can lead to respiratory failure and even death. Long-term exposure, even at low levels, can be harmful and must be avoided.
Hydrogen sulfide is not only a human health hazard but also poses environmental risks. It contributes to the acidification of water bodies, which can harm aquatic life. Additionally, H₂S can corrode metal structures, leading to infrastructure damage and economic losses.
Chemical oxidants such as chlorine, ozone, or hydrogen peroxide are introduced to react with hydrogen sulfide, converting it into elemental sulfur or sulfate. This method is effective but can be costly due to the chemicals required.
In precipitation, chemical agents are added to form insoluble compounds with hydrogen sulfide, which can then be filtered out. Common agents include iron salts, which react with H₂S to form iron sulfide.
Biofiltration uses microorganisms to biologically oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfate. This method is environmentally friendly and cost-effective for treating low to moderate H₂S levels.
Bioreactors provide a controlled environment for bacteria to degrade hydrogen sulfide. They are highly efficient and can be used for large-scale industrial applications.
Activated carbon filters are widely used to remove hydrogen sulfide from both water and gas. The porous structure of activated carbon allows it to adsorb H₂S effectively, although the media needs periodic regeneration or replacement.
The iron sponge process involves passing gas through a bed of wood chips impregnated with hydrated iron oxide. The iron oxide reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfide, which can be periodically regenerated.
Chemical scrubbers use liquid solutions to absorb hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. These systems are effective but require careful handling of the chemicals involved.
Catalytic converters accelerate the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide using catalysts, converting it into less harmful substances. This technology is particularly useful in industrial gas treatment applications.
In municipal water systems, hydrogen sulfide removal is critical to ensure safe drinking water. Techniques such as aeration, chemical oxidation, and activated carbon filtration are commonly used to treat H₂S in large volumes of water.
Industries that use large quantities of water, such as pulp and paper manufacturing, often face hydrogen sulfide contamination. Effective removal techniques are essential to prevent equipment corrosion and ensure compliance with environmental regulations.
Natural gas often contains hydrogen sulfide, which must be removed to prevent corrosion of pipelines and equipment. Technologies like the iron sponge process and chemical scrubbers are commonly employed in this context.
Biogas, produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, typically contains hydrogen sulfide. Removing H₂S is essential to prevent damage to biogas engines and to comply with emission standards. Methods like biofiltration and activated carbon filtration are often used.
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